Lignosulfonates are when traded a brown amorphous powder. They have no odour and they are not hygroscopic.
They form colloidal solutions or dispersions with water but are not soluble in organic solvents. Lignosulfonates are
biopolymers; they are salts of lignosulfonic acid that has been formed when pulp is manufactured by the sulphite
method. The lignosulfonates are of varied composition because the woods are different, the extent of the lignin
degradation can be different and a different number of sulfonic groups can have been added.
Lignin is a polymer with a most varied length and composition, a fundamental structure being hydroxyphenyl propane.
It contains many phenolic rings and methoxy groups, the figure gives one example. The distribution of unpolar and polar
groups, including the hydroxyl and sulfonic acid groups formed at the degradation, decides the properties of the particular
lignosulfonate. Lignosulfonates are precipitated as calcium salts from spent process liquid, black liquid, from sulphite plants by means of lime, 90-95 % of the lignosulfonate is gained. Sometimes sugar from the spent lye will occur as a pollutant.
Lignin containing sulfonic acid groups can also be made from lignin won from black liquid from the sulfate process
for pulping that is more common in Sweden and is then called sulfonated lignin. Such sulphate lignin has a more
uniform composition than sulfite lignin.
World production of lignosulfonates is estimated to be about 800,000 tonnes and of sulphonated lignine 15,000
tonnes. In Sweden, lignosulfonates are produced at Domsjö.
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